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Overview

The NonverbalNonVerbal-Behavior-Generator (NVBG) is the module that generates behavior other than speech, such as gestures, facial expressions and gazes.   The NVBG generates these behaviors based on the speech input and other messages that it receives.   Nonverbal behaviors augment and emphasize spoken communication.   Based on who speaks and who listens, the NVBG can characterize the NPC as a listener, speaker or a bystander and generate appropriate behavior.   These behaviors are configurable using xml files provided as input to NVBG.   Using these xml files, we can specify which words or parts-of-speech trigger which animations.   We can specify idle animations and idle gazes that get triggered when the character is idle for a specified amount of time.

The NVBG is loosely coupled with a "parser" which gets the input sentence from NVBG and returns the parts of speech in the sentence.   NVBG can extract information from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic structure of the surface text that can support the generation of believable nonverbal behaviors.

The NVBG also has a saliency map which it uses to keep track of it's environment, important events and conversational topics.   This helps the NVBG generate behaviors that are appropriate to the current scene and helps it prioritize.   This saliency map is configurable through xml files too.

The NVBG also allows us to configure facial expressions for a particular character using FACS units and then based on xml tags in the input messages, can trigger those facial animations.Image Removed

 Quick

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facts:

• Location - : \core/NVBG    

Users

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• \NVBG
• Language: C#
• Distribution: binary-only
• Platform(s): Windows
• Main paper: Jina Lee and Stacy Marsella, "Nonverbal Behavior Generator for Embodied Conversational Agents", in 6th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, 2006, pp. 243-255. link

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Users

The NVBG now supports multiple characters within one process. You can toggle between these characters as desired.The character itself needs to be configured using the various configuration options that NVBG provides. You can do this using a config file or through VHMessages.

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• The rule_input_[culture].xml (behavior) file, that specifies which rules should be generated for parts of speech in the spoken sentence and also which animations map to which words if any.
• The .xslt transform files which process the the intermediate xml generated by the module and generate the final bml to be output. The defaults are available at http://svn.ict.usc.edu/svn_vh/trunk/data/nvbg-common/. The relevant files are NVBG_transform.xsl, NVBG_rules.xsl and NVBG_behavior_description.xsl
• The command line parameters to NVBG 
• OPTIONAL - we can also specify a saliency map and a facial-expressions configuration if needed. 
  
  1. The saliency map specifies which objects in the scene are of particular importance which allows NVBG to generate idle gazes appropriately.
  2. The facial-expressions configuration file allows us to specify which facs units should be triggered with a certain weight so that a facial expression is achieved. This facial expression can later be tagged in the input text as markup to trigger the facial expression.

Using Command Line Parameters

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Required: -create

•  create_character [char name] [config-filename]

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• - You can specify multiple characters one after the other

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•  data_folder_path:

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•  Specifies the folder path to the xslt files and the rule_input_[culture].xml file.

Optional:-

• write_to_file:

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•  Specifies whether the output bml is to be sent out as a VH message or if it should be written to a file with the name given here. Default is "false."

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• write_to_file_path: Path of the file to be written with write_to_file.

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• parsetree_cachefile_path:

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•  Specifies the file path to the file used for caching the response from the parser used by NVBG. If this doesn't exist, it is created.

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• hide_GUI: Hides the GUI if set as true.

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• storypoint:

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•  Specifies which story-point should be loaded from the saliency-map xml and the saliency map is updated accordingly with priorities to appropriate pawns etc.

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• -writelog: (no arguments) If specified, NVBG will write all debugging messages to log.txt in the same folder as the binary.

Configuring the Character

You can use a config file which you can specify as a command line argument to NVBG, in order to define a character. The structure of the config file is as below: 

****************ChrBrad.ini********************

[general]
rule_input_file=rule_input_ChrBrad.xml
posture=ChrBrad@Idle01
all_behavior=on
saliency_glance=on
saliency_idle_gaze=on
speaker_gaze=on
listener_gaze=on
nvbg_POS_rules=on
saliency_map=saliency_map_init_brad.xml

As we can see all the information required to configure a character can be specified in the config file.

Developers

Functional Block Diagram

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Configuring Rules

The rule-input-[culture].xml file contains the rules that map certain words or parts of speech to animations. You can also specify any idle animations that you want to trigger when the character is idle for a certain period of time.

The xml code below shows how we can map a word to multiple animations which are then picked by random by NVBG when that word is spoken. 

<rule keyword="statement_animation" priority="2" >
<pattern>is</pattern>
<pattern>are</pattern>
<pattern>were</pattern>
<pattern>was</pattern>
<pattern>have been</pattern>
<pattern>has been</pattern>
<pattern>at</pattern>
<pattern>stands</pattern>
<pattern>come</pattern>
<pattern>like</pattern>
<animation>
<posture name="CrossedArms"> 
<clip>CrossedArms_RArm_GestureYou02</clip>
<clip>CrossedArms_RArm_GestureYouPalmUp</clip>
</posture> 
<posture name="HandsAtSide">
<clip>HandsAtSide_RArm_GestureOffer</clip>
<clip>HandsAtSide_RArm_LowBeat</clip>
<clip>HandsAtSide_RArm_MidBeat</clip>
<clip>HandsAtSide_Arms_Beat</clip>
<clip>HandsAtSide_Arms_Chop</clip>
<clip>HandsAtSide_RArm_Chop</clip>
<clip>HandsAtSide_RArm_FistsChop</clip>
<clip>HandsAtSide_RArm_LowBeat</clip>
<clip>HandsAtSide_RArm_MidBeat</clip>
</posture>
<posture name="HandsOnHip">
<clip>HandsOnHip_RArm_MidBeat</clip>
</posture>
<posture name="LHandOnHip">
<clip>LHandOnHip_RArm_You</clip>
<clip>LHandOnHip_RArm_GestureOffer</clip>
</posture>
<posture name="Chair">
<clip>Chair_You_Small</clip>
<clip>Chair_You</clip>
</posture>
</animation>
</rule>

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The pattern <tag> contains the word that is to be matched, and the <clip> tags contain the animations which should be played when that word is spoken. The <posture> tag is used to set animations for each character posture. Only animations that are in the current characters posture will be played by NVBG. The 'priority' attribute allows NVBG to prioritize between animations when multiple one's overlap.
The rules for parts of speech are similar as shown below.
<rule keyword="first_NP" priority="5" >
<pattern>first_NP</pattern>
</rule>
<rule keyword="noun_phrase" priority="5" >
<pattern>NP</pattern>
</rule>
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Notice that, in the above case, no animations are specified (although they could be). In this case, the NVBG checks the spoken sentence for parts of speech (first_NP, noun_phrase etc.) and inserts place-holder xml tags with the keyword as specified in the rule. Later when the NVBG applies the XSL transform to the intermediate BML(with the placeholder tags), it generates output behavior based on what the XSL rules specify (More on this later under the "POS Transform rules" section).
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If you want idle animations to be generated, you can specify idle_animation rules as below
 <!-- idle animation behavior -->
<rule keyword="idle_animation" priority="1" >
<pattern>idle_animation</pattern> 
<animation>
<posture name="ChrUtah@IdleHandsAtSide01">
<clip>ChrUtah@IdleHandsAtSide01_FidgetWeightShiftRt01</clip>
<clip>ChrUtah@IdleHandsAtSide01_FidgetWeightShiftLf01</clip>
<clip>ChrUtah@IdleHandsAtSide01_FidgetHead01</clip>
</posture>
</animation>
</rule>
The above idle_animation rule is parsed just like the other rules and is inserted in the output bml when the character is idle.
 
****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Configuring POS Transform rules
TO BE POPULATED
Configuring the Saliency Map
The saliency map specifies which objects/characters/pawns in the environment are important to the character and in what priority. These priorities can vary based on what story-point we are at i.e. certain objects become important only later in a scene.
Based on the priorities of these objects, the saliency map generates idle gazes and other actions based on spoken sentences and events.
Below is an example of a saliency map for use with a character
 
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<storyPoints>  
 <storyPoint name = "toolkitsession">
 <SaliencyMapInit>
 <pawn name = "user" recency = "0" primacy = "3"/>
 <pawn name = "upright" recency = "0" primacy = "2"/>
 <pawn name = "upleft" recency = "0" primacy = "1"/>
 </SaliencyMapInit>
 <keywordToObjectMap>
 <keyword name = "I">
 <pawn name = "upleft" primacy = "10"/>
 <pawn name = "upright" primacy = "10"/>
 <pawn name = "user" primacy = "3"/>
 </keyword>
 </keywordToObjectMap>
 <emotionInit name = "normal"/>
 </storyPoint>
</storyPoints>
As we can see, the saliency map can contain multiple story-points each specifying which objects in the scene are of importance, the relation between spoken words and object in the scene and the emotion of the character.
The above example contains only one story-point but in general it can contain many. NVBG can be notified of which story-point it should load so that the appropriate priorities are assigned to the objects in the scene.
Configuring the Facial-Expression File
TO BE POPULATED
 
Message API
SENDS
vrSpeak
Below is an example of the vrSpeak message that is output from NVBG. It contains animation/head-nods/facial behavior based on the text that is to be spoken/heard.
vrSpeak brad user 1337363228078-9-1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?><act>
<participant id="brad" role="actor" />
<bml>
<speech id="sp1" ref="voice_defaultTTS" type="application/ssml+xml">
<mark name="T0" />Depending
<mark name="T1" /><mark name="T2" />on
<mark name="T3" /><mark name="T4" />the
<mark name="T5" /><mark name="T6" />default
<mark name="T7" /><mark name="T8" />voice
<mark name="T9" /><mark name="T10" />you
<mark name="T11" /><mark name="T12" />have
<mark name="T13" /><mark name="T14" />selected
<mark name="T15" /><mark name="T16" />in
<mark name="T17" /><mark name="T18" />Windows,
<mark name="T19" /><mark name="T20" />I
<mark name="T21" /><mark name="T22" />can
<mark name="T23" /><mark name="T24" />sound
<mark name="T25" /><mark name="T26" />pretty
<mark name="T27" /><mark name="T28" />bad.
<mark name="T29" />
</speech>
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T1 Depending " stroke="sp1:T1" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T3 Depending on " stroke="sp1:T3" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T5 Depending on the " stroke="sp1:T5" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T7 Depending on the default " stroke="sp1:T7" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T9 Depending on the default voice " stroke="sp1:T9" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T11 Depending on the default voice you " stroke="sp1:T11" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T13 Depending on the default voice you have " stroke="sp1:T13" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T15 Depending on the default voice you have selected " stroke="sp1:T15" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T17 Depending on the default voice you have selected in " stroke="sp1:T17" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T19 Depending on the default voice you have selected in Windows, " stroke="sp1:T19" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T21 Depending on the default voice you have selected in Windows, I " stroke="sp1:T21" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T23 Depending on the default voice you have selected in Windows, I can " stroke="sp1:T23" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T25 Depending on the default voice you have selected in Windows, I can sound " stroke="sp1:T25" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T27 Depending on the default voice you have selected in Windows, I can sound pretty " stroke="sp1:T27" />
<event message="vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T29 Depending on the default voice you have selected in Windows, I can sound pretty bad. " stroke="sp1:T29" />
<gaze target="user" direction="POLAR 0" angle="0" sbm:joint-range="HEAD EYES" xmlns:sbm="http://ict.usc.edu" />
<sbm:event message="vrSpoke brad user 1337363228078-9-1 Depending on the default voice you have selected in Windows, I can sound pretty bad." stroke="sp1:relax" xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace" xmlns:sbm="http://ict.usc.edu" />
<!--first_VP Animation-->
<animation stroke="sp1:T3" priority="5" name="HandsAtSide_Arms_GestureWhy" />
<!--First noun clause nod-->
<head type="NOD" amount="0.10" repeats="1.0" relax="sp1:T5" priority="5" />
<!--Noun clause nod-->
<head type="NOD" amount="0.10" repeats="1.0" relax="sp1:T11" priority="5" />
<!--Noun clause nod-->
<head type="NOD" amount="0.10" repeats="1.0" relax="sp1:T19" priority="5" />
<!--Noun clause nod-->
<head type="NOD" amount="0.10" repeats="1.0" relax="sp1:T21" priority="5" />
</bml>
</act>
Explanation:
The Time-Markers i.e. T0, T1, T2 and so on, are used by the NVBG to mark each individual word in the sentence and later it can use this information to play animations at the start/end of that word.
e.g. in the above output bml, the animation "HandsAtSide_Arms_GestureWhy" is timed to play at sp1:T3, which means it will be played when the word "on" has been spoken. 'sp1' is the id of the speech tag which indicates that this 'T3' is from this particular speech tag. (currently NVBG only supports one speeech tag).
The appropriate "vrAgentSpeech partial" event messages are sent out by smartbody after each word has been spoken by the character. e.g."vrAgentSpeech partial 1337363228078-9-1 T19 Depending on the default voice you have selected in Windows," is sent out after the word Windows is spoken.
Similarly the <head> tag is interpreted by smartbody to generate Nods and other specified behavior.
The "priority" attribute allows NVBG to decide which behavior is to be culled if any of the behaviors overlap. This is done before the final message is sent out.
 
RECIEVES
NVBG subscribes to vrExpress messages and a few other control messages which allow for setting some options. Below is a list of messages that NVBG subscribes to:
vrExpress
This message is sent to NVBG by the NLU, NPCEditor or similar module. This message can be used to convey information about speech data, posture, status change, emotion change, gaze data etc. as shown below.
Speech
The speech messages are characterized by the speech tag within them. They are interpreted and the corresponding output bml is generated with the speech time marks, animations, head-nods, facial-movements etc. These animations are generated based on the content of the speech tag and the fml tag in the input message.
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Posture Change
These messages are characterized by the <body posture=""> tag which allows NVBG to know that there has been a change in posture.
vrExpress "harmony" "None" "??" "<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no" ?><act>
<participant id="harmony" role="actor" />
<bml>
<body posture="HandsAtSide" />
</bml>
</act>"
Status / Request
The idle_behavior and all_behavior attributes within the request tag allows NVBG to keep track of whether or not to generate the corresponding behavior.
vrExpress "harmony" "None" "??" "<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no" ?><act>
<participant id="harmony" role="actor" />
<fml>
<status type="present" />
<request type="idle_behavior" value="off" />
</fml>
</act>"
Gaze
These gaze tags, if present within the input message are transferred unaltered to the output message.
vrExpress "harmony" "ranger" "constant103" "<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no" ?><act>
<participant id="harmony" role="actor" />
<fml>
<gaze type="weak-focus" target="ranger" track="1" speed="normal" > "listen_to_speaker" </gaze>
</fml>
</act>"
Emotion
The affect tag contains data about the emotional state the character is currently in. This can be used to affect output behavior.
vrExpress "harmony" "None" "schererharmony17" "<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no" ?><act>
<participant id="harmony" role="actor" />
<fml>
<affect type="Fear" STANCE="LEAKED" intensity="110.475"></affect>
</fml>
<bml> </bml>
</act>"
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Configuring the Saliency Map
The saliency map specifies which objects/characters/pawns in the environment are important to the character and in what priority. These priorities can vary based on what story-point we are at i.e. certain objects become important only later in a scene.
Based on the priorities of these objects, the saliency map generates idle gazes and other actions based on spoken sentences and events.
Below is an example of a saliency map for use with a character
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<storyPoints> 
 <storyPoint name = "toolkitsession">
  <SaliencyMapInit>
   <pawn name = "user" recency = "0" primacy = "3"/>
   <pawn name = "upright" recency = "0" primacy = "2"/>
   <pawn name = "upleft" recency = "0" primacy = "1"/>
  </SaliencyMapInit>
  <keywordToObjectMap>
   <keyword name = "I">
    <pawn name = "upleft" primacy = "10"/>
    <pawn name = "upright" primacy = "10"/>
    <pawn name = "user" primacy = "3"/>
   </keyword>
  </keywordToObjectMap>
  <emotionInit name = "normal"/>
 </storyPoint>
</storyPoints>
As we can see, the saliency map can contain multiple story-points each specifying which objects in the scene are of importance for that point in the story or scene. So if NVBG is notified of a change in the scene/story, it can update the saliency map accordingly. The above example contains only one story-point but in general it can contain many. NVBG can be notified of which story-point it should load so that the appropriate priorities are assigned to the objects in the scene.
The relation between spoken words and objects in the scene can be specified with the <keywordToObjectMap> block, which contains the keyword and specifies which pawns map to it. When the character speaks those words, NVBG will make him/her gaze towards the pawn. This generates the impression that the character is aware of his environment.
You can also specify the emotion of the character using the <emotionInit> tag as shown. This emotion value can be used to change behaviors of the character, such as idle animations, facial expressions etc.
You can specify the saliency map when configuring the character. Please refer to the section above for configuring a character.
Message API
Sends:
vrSpeak
 
nvbg_set_option
These are control messages to set options for NVBG. They are as shown below:
nvbg_set_option [char-name] all_behavior true/false - sets/unsets flag that allows all behavior generated by NVBG.
nvbg_set_option [char-name] saliency_glance true/false - sets/unsets flag that allows saliency map generated gazes. These gazes are based on content in the speech tag and the information in the saliency map.
nvbg_set_option [char-name] saliency_idle_gaze true/false - sets/unsets flag that allows idle gazes generated by the saliency map. These idle gazes are based on the priority of pawns in the saliency map and are generated when the character is idle.
nvbg_set_option [char-name] speaker_gaze true/false - sets/unsets flag that allows for the character to look at the person he's speaking to.
nvbg_set_option [char-name] speaker_gesture true/false - sets/unsets flag that allows gestures to be generated when speaking.
nvbg_set_option [char-name] listener_gaze true/false - sets/unsets flag that allows the listener to gaze at the speaker when he speaks.
nvbg_set_option [char-name] nvbg_POS_rules true/false - sets/unsets flag that allows behavior to be generated based on parts of speech returned by the parser.nvbg_set_option [char-name] saliency_map [filename] - lets you dynamically specify the saliency map that the character will usethe parser.
nvbg_set_option [char-name] rulesaliency_input_file map [filename] - lets you dynamically specify the behavior map that the character will use
Known Issues
Either list of common known issues and/or link to all Jira tickets with that component name.
Related Components
 
FAQ
What is NVBG?
The Nonverbal Behavior Generator (NVBG) is a tool that automates the selection and timing of nonverbal behavior for Embodied Conversational Agents (aka Virtual Humans).  It uses a rule-based approach that generates behaviors given the information about the agent's cognitive processes but also by inferring communicative functions from a surface text analysis
If I have questions or problems, who should I contact?
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 lets you dynamically specify the saliency map that the character will use
nvbg_set_option [char-name] rule_input_file [filename] - lets you dynamically specify the behavior map that the character will use
Receives:
vrExpress
Known Issues
FAQ
See the Main FAQ. Please use the Google Groups emailing list for unlisted questions.